New research from a team of scientists at the Center for Bright Beams has made significant strides in developing new techniques to guide the growth of materials used in next-generation particle accelerators.

The study, published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry C, reveals the potential for greater control over the growth of superconducting Nb₃Sn films, which could significantly reduce the cost and size of cryogenic infrastructure required for superconducting technology.

Superconducting accelerator facilities, such as those used for X-ray free-electron laser radiation, rely on niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities to generate high-energy beams. However, the associated cryogenic infrastructure, energy consumption, and operating costs of niobium SRF cavities limit access to this technology.

To address this issue, researchers have been working to identify superconducting materials that can operate at temperatures higher than 2 Kelvin with comparable quality factors to niobium (Nb) SRF cavities. One of the most promising materials is triniobium tin (Nb₃Sn), an alloy with an operating temperature of 18 Kelvin, thus reducing the need for expensive cryogenic infrastructure.

Despite theoretical and experimental advancements in the performance of Nb₃Sn-coated cavities, there is still a need for a thorough understanding of how to grow higher quality Nb₃Sn alloy films.

“Nb₃Sn cavities are going to be the accelerators of the future,” says Ritchie Patterson, the Helen T. Edwards Professor of Physics in the College of Arts and Sciences and director of the Center for Bright Beams. “Advancing this science is only made possible through diverse collaborations - an important focus at the heart of CBB. The expertise and close collaborations between all of our partner institutions are driving this research into the future.”

This new CBB research, conducted by experimental materials chemists at the University of Chicago coupled with theoretical physicists at the University of Florida, delivers the first atomic-scale images of Sn on oxidized niobium, depicting the early stages of Nb₃Sn formation. This visualization of Sn adsorption and diffusion on oxidized niobium is an essential advancement in creating a mechanistic formula for optimizing the fabrication of next generation accelerator cavities.

“The quality and accelerating performance of Nb₃Sn depends on many convoluted variables at play during the growth procedure” says Sarah Willson, CBB graduate student at the University of Chicago and co-lead author of the paper along with postdoctoral scholar Rachael Farber. “We are aiming to look at the initial steps of a complicated growth process and isolate certain variables in a controlled setting.” Their atomic-level growth experiments are supported by quantum theory from graduate student Ajinkya Hire.

As Nb₃Sn accelerator cavities are prepared, scientists aim to reduce impurities and contaminants from the niobium cavity to achieve a cleaner and more uniform surface.  The cavity is then heated to high temperatures in the presence of an Sn vapor. This causes the Sn to diffuse into the Nb layer, forming Nb₃Sn.  As careful measures are taken to grow a pristine Nb₃Sn film, looking closely across the cavity reveals a highly disordered, rough, polycrystalline surface - not the consistent single-crystal surface ideal for a highly controlled experiment.

Willson explains that in order to conduct this experiment, they recreate, in a way, the real-world process of cavity-making, but further surpass the temperature demands needed - heating the materials to 1630 degrees Celsius, and creating an atomically-flat niobium oxide surface to showcase the interactions of Sn, Nb, and O at the atomic level. 

Observations of metal oxides are routinely performed using scanning tunneling microscopy, STM, revealing information at the atomic scale. However, the specific setup for studying Nb₃Sn growth with STM is not readily available.  So, Willson and Farber created one.

They designed and built a custom metal deposition chamber to deposit the Sn on the niobium surface. This technique recreates the real-world environment in which accelerator cavities are developed – with the ability to prevent surface contamination – while allowing researchers to study the deposition using STM.

“We have taken a state-of-the-art STM setup, which was not really built to study high temperature metallic growth and alloy formation, but through the funds from CBB, have added the intermetallic growth chamber that allows us to do these experiments in-situ,” says Willson, stating that using the intermetallic growth section reveals the individual Sn atoms integrating with the niobium subsurface. 

“We see that even in our highly-controlled environment, the Nb surface serves as a major roadblock in preventing Sn diffusion required for Nb₃Sn formation,” says Willson. “Improving Nb₃Sn growth is much more than just simply developing a uniform coating layer of tin on niobium.”

This study was led by corresponding author Steven Sibener, Carl William Eisendrath Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, in collaboration with CBB faculty member Richard Hennig, Alumni Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida. 

Sibener, a physical chemist, says that the collaboration between different areas of accelerator and non-accelerator sciences is unique in his experience, helping to lay the groundwork for advancing particle accelerators and looks forward to the promising developments of Nb₃Sn.

“The collaborations that CBB sparks, the ability for surface chemists, materials engineers, accelerator physicists, and theorists to interact in this way, has certainly empowered and strengthened this research,” says Willson.  “Personally, I gained a deeper understanding of how to properly navigate the challenges associated with the differing jargon, priorities, and research perspectives across scientific fields. Many chemists are interested in these types of interfacial metallic growth challenges that are encountered by engineers and physicists. This collaboration facilitated extensive interdisciplinary communication that has made conducting a study like this more comfortable and efficient.”

The Center for Bright Beams is funded by the National Science Foundation. Led by Cornell University, CBB joins researchers from diverse fields at eight universities and three national labs who are working together to gain the fundamental understanding needed to advance accelerator technology available to science, medicine, and industry.